Without communication, human life is unthinkable. People communicate with each other, often without thinking about how complex and multifaceted this process is.
However, the efforts of psychologists have been allocated its components, it was classified by type, type, form and level. What is communication in psychology? By what signs is it classified?
Communication as a special kind of activity
Communication - It is a process of interpersonal interaction, through which its participants achieve certain goals or satisfy their social needs.
On the basis of such interaction, interpersonal relations are built, as well as the exchange of experience and knowledge necessary for various types of activity information.
The goals of communication can be different - changing behavior and motivation, sharing thoughts, attitudes, emotions or neutral information, also the motive of communication can be its process itselfwhich does not imply any particular result.
Components: briefly
What are the components of communication? By psychologist G.M. Andreeva It was proposed to divide the communication into the following components, regardless of what functions it performs and what goals it pursues:
- communicative side - the exchange of information between participants;
- interactive side - the interaction of participants;
- perceptual side - mutual understanding between the participants.
Communication of any type contains one or all of the listed components.
What happens?
Scheme:
Communication is of the following types:
- Interpersonal. In this case, the participants communicate in an informal setting. Communication is not affected by social status or position, it is personal.
- Functional role. Such communication is governed by the social roles of its participants - for example, the leader and subordinate, the educator and the child, the seller and the buyer.
In the process of communication, communication can move from functional to role-playing to interpersonal and vice versa. Such a property is often used in business.
Classification of species: table
What types of communication are there? Each person uses different types of communication in his life. Their classification occurs according to various criteria. There are the following main types of communication:
Classification criteria | Types of communication and their characteristics | Examples of communication |
Types of communication on the content | The material. The participants of communication interact with each other in order to obtain material benefits, any objects, products of labor activity. | Buying goods in the store. |
Cognitive. Communication in order to transmit or receive any developmental information necessary for knowledge and self-improvement. | Student communication in class with a teacher. | |
Activity. Exchange of participants skills or abilities. | Communication with the trainer in the gym. | |
Motivational. The transfer of incentives and motivations for any activity. | Motivational training in marketing companies. | |
Conditioning. Intentional impact on the psychological state to achieve any particular result. | Communication swindler with the victim. | |
Types of communication on goals | Biological. Communication to meet biological needs. | Communication in order to obtain sexual discharge. |
Social. Communication to meet the social needs of the person. | Speech by the poet to the public in order to receive universal recognition. | |
By means of expression | Verbal. Communication with speech. | Any communication that implies direct speech. |
Nonverbal. Communication by body language. It can also act as independent elements of communication, and as complementary types of verbal communication. | Gestures, poses, facial expressions, body bends. | |
By communication participants | Interpersonal. Implies direct contact of its participants. | Talking tete-a-tete on personal topics. |
Personally-group. Communication with each of the group members. | Meeting of the head with subordinates. | |
Intergroup. Communication of several groups of people. It can be both peaceful and conflicting. | Ethnic feud. | |
By means of information transfer | Mediated. Communication with the involvement of technical means. | Correspondence by instant messenger, via e-mail or through a mutual friend. |
Immediate. Communication between two participants in close proximity to each other. | Conversation one-on-one. | |
By time | Short term. Short-term communication, usually not involving re-contact. | Talk with the cashier at the ticket office. |
Long In the process of communication, participants not only exchange the necessary information, but also get to know each other. Assume continuous or intermittent contacts. | Communication of a young man and girl who are going to tie the knot. |
There are also three types of communication that do not fit the above criteria:
- Educational. Purposeful impact on another person in order to achieve certain results. An example is raising a child in kindergarten.
- Diagnostic. Communication for the purpose of forming an opinion or obtaining the required information about the interlocutor. For example, interviewing a patient by a doctor for the purpose of making a diagnosis.
- Intimate and personal. Communication of loved ones or relatives of people who have a high level of trust in each other. For example - a father and son, brothers or sisters.
The above types of communication - this is only a part of its separation according to certain qualities and characteristics.
There are still many views and opinions of psychologists on the classification according to their own perceptions about this process.
Forms
There are the following forms of speech communication:
- Monologue. The level of communication, a sign of which is monologue speech. Against the background of the activity of one participant, the passivity of the other is pronounced. An example is lecturing to students by a teacher.
- Interactive. All participants are equally involved in communication. An example is any dialogue.
- Polylogical. Multilateral communication, which is characterized by the struggle between its members for the right to participate. An example is a political television show in which several participants are simultaneously discussing a controversial issue.
There are other views of psychologists on the form of communication. For example, forms of communication preschoolers and their parents when teaching activities by M. I. Lisina:
Forms of communication of preschool children with adults:
- Situational-personal form of communication. This form is typical for infancy. It is based on the emotional contact of a child with an adult, when toys for a preschooler are still in the background. Together with an adult who plays the role of leader, teacher, and mentor, the child can perform more complex actions with various objects.
At the same time, communication with adults remains the main need of a preschooler.
- Non-situational-cognitive form of communication. This form occurs when the child’s attention goes beyond the current situation - for example, a certain play activity, and he takes the initiative in an effort to know the world around him. In this case, the main source of knowledge for the child remains an adult.
- Extra-personal personality. This form involves communication with adults in various situations. It is of great importance in preparing preschoolers for schooling, because if a child cannot achieve the ability to interact with adults correctly and recognize their authority, then in fact this would mean a lack of psychological readiness for school.
- Situationally-business. Striving with age towards independence, the child, however, is forced to turn to an adult in the process of learning about the world around him. This form of communication involves the interaction of a preschooler and an adult in the process of child's cognitive activity.
Forms of communication preschoolers with peers:
- Emotional and practical. Due to the fact that by the age of two, the child has a need to interact with his peers in his activities.
Communication at this time occurs through gestures and facial expressions.
- Situational and business. It occurs at about 4 years of age of the child. At this time, role-playing games dominate the activities of a preschooler, actions increasingly take on a collective character. The need for this form of communication comes almost to the fore in the interaction of the child with his environment.
- Extra-businesslike. It consists in communication with peers to plan interaction. Is extra-artistic in nature. At this time, there is a heightened interest in the personality of the interlocutor, and speech becomes the main means of communication.
Forms of collective communication. In the course of their activities, educators are required to highlight their activities, cooperate with the parents of children, and therefore the following forms of collective communication are distinguished:
- General parental meetings. The meetings coordinate the actions of educators and parents in the upbringing of children, issues of education, rehabilitation, and problems of education.
- Parent Conference. This form of interaction differs from the meeting in that there are representatives of the public at the conference - doctors, educational psychologists and others, which allows to touch upon a wider area of issues in the upbringing, behavior and health care of children.
- Parent group meetings. On them, parents can become more familiar with the methods of raising children.
Levels
Different psychologists presented their own classification of communication by levels.
The level itself implies manifestations of behavior by which one can judge about the impact of one communication participant on another, as well as their interaction.
Dobrovich communication levels:
- Primitive level. Simplified, easy communication.
- Manipulative level. With such communication, one of its participants seeks to influence his partner in order to achieve certain results.
- Standardized level. Also known as "contact masks". In this case, one or both partners hide their true state, figuratively speaking - puts on a mask.
- Conventional level. Due to the rules of communication, which tend to comply with its members.
- Game level. This level is characterized by the desire to impress the partner.
As a rule, there is a desire to continue the interaction in the future.
- Business level. In the foreground, at this level of communication, there is interaction and competence in resolving certain issues and achieving certain goals.
- Spiritual level. At this level of communication, its participants receive moral satisfaction from the process of their interaction.
E. V. Andrienko presented in his works such levels of communication:
- Actual level. It implies the usual exchange of remarks without much interest of the interlocutors to the topic of conversation. The conversation itself does not contain deep content, it happens automatically.
- Informational level. At this level of communication, there is an exchange of information that is significant for its participants, which is necessary for the implementation of activities of any kind. Possible with both interpersonal and business communication.
- Personal level. Also called spiritual. This level is characterized by the comprehension of the subject of his partner. It occurs in situations where a person has a feeling of insight, happiness, love.
The study of the process of communication is of interest due to the fact that it is necessary to constantly improve its effectiveness.
Thanks to this man will able to more effectively achieve goals, and also to experience less inconvenience due to difficulties in communication with other people.
Types of communication in psychology:
