Psychology of education tells how to approach the upbringing of the individual as a whole and its individual qualities.
About what the essence and content of the process of education is, let's talk further.
Definition
Upbringing - This is a focused process.
It leads to the development of the individual as a whole and its individual qualities.
Much depends on the methods used, including how successful will the individual eventually grow.
Education has a social basis, because without society, its values, the process is impossible.
Basic concepts of the psychology of education
In psychology, special concepts and terms are used.
Formation - this is a process when a personality is formed under the influence of all factors influencing it. This is a social concept, since education is inextricably linked with the impact on the individual society.
Development - personality changes, quantitative and qualitative, in the process of exposure to it.
Education - the result obtained in the learning process, the amount of acquired knowledge and skills.
Training - a process that is specially organized and managed. It is aimed at obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities.
Socialization - the assimilation of the culture of society, self-realization, development throughout all life stages.
Education - what is it?
Reducibility - the ability, the willingness of the individual to respond to the impact, learn moral and cultural norms.
This includes the readiness to form new behavioral and cognitive skills, the ability to learn to control one’s emotions and actions.
Some children respond well to educational influences, they do not need to apply special measures of coercion - they have a good uptake. Others require a complex approach, the development of individual methods.
The essence and content of the process
Child should take part in the process of education, but at the same time, it is influenced by educators on the basis of historically established patterns of behavior. The teacher should help the student to go the way of moral development.
Thus, it is necessary to set up the process so that the tutor directs and at the same time the child himself strives for self-education. it no standard fit, and the creation of an independent and developing personality, the formation of values, independence in decision-making.
The formation of social behavior occurs only in the social environment in the process of interaction with other people and culture.
Parenting is active process, it involves two sides - educated and educator. In addition, the community takes part, as the environment in which the child develops.
This is not only the processes occurring in childhood. Self-education possibly to old age.
Targets and goals
Upbringing is aimed at:
- Formation of the relationship of the individual to the world.
- Formation of the relationship of the individual to himself.
- Comprehensive personal development.
- The development of self-awareness.
- Self-determination of person, help in this process.
- Moral development.
- Getting skills to interact with society.
Tasks:
- spiritual unity of generations;
- fostering the spiritual culture of the individual;
- fostering a harmonious relationship with nature;
- physical development.
A preschooler cannot master spiritual and moral values himself, he does not yet distinguish the good from the bad. He needs help from adults in the description of the concepts and phenomena of the world.
The child has no volitional skills yet, an adult also helps to develop them.
Dependence of personality development on its upbringing
Person exposed to certain environments and peoplewhich are nearby. As a result, there is a spiritual development, the formation of moral values, standards of behavior.
Children who grew up in a dysfunctional environment, as a rule, have a disharmonious personality - they lacked love, attention, and education, which affects the development of the personality and its further relationship with the world.
The example of parents or closest guardians is especially important at an early age. Impact and style matter - totalitarian, democratic, permissive.
Psychological Theories
Each trend in psychology has advanced its theories. This allows us to evaluate the development of the personality from different sides
Known theories:
- Behaviorism. The main methods of influence are encouragement and punishment.
- Humanistic psychology. A holistic person strives for self-realization - the maximum realization of their capabilities. She is open to new experiences, able to make choices herself.
The task of education - to contribute to the improvement of the individual.
- Rousseau believed that it was necessary to follow nature and allow individuals to develop naturally.
- Petrovsky education concept - As an alternative to the authoritarian style, a student-centered approach has been proposed.
there is three main areas:
- Personal qualities are inherited, the process of personality formation is adaptation and adaptation to the conditions of life.
- Sociogenetic theories, where the personality is formed exclusively under the influence of social factors.
- Intermediate approach, which recognizes the influence of natural and social factors on the development of personality.
Parenting styles
There are several main styles of parental exposure to children:
- Authoritarian. Parents have strict requirements that the child is obliged to unconditionally fulfill. There is no confidential communication and interaction between elders and children. Children in such families develop isolation, fearfulness, nervousness, irritability. Sooner or later they may rebel against parental control. Theory of Authoritarian Education - this is the suppression of initiative and independence, blind submission to the elder.
- Liberal. Children have unlimited freedom, parents control them only slightly. As a result, the self-provided person develops disharmoniously. Possible manifestations of aggression, deviant behavior, leaving the house, complete disobedience, control of the child is becoming increasingly difficult - he left to himself. However, if circumstances are favorable and the environment is comfortable, interesting, creative personalities will grow in such families.
- Rejecting. Parents have a dislike for the child, ignoring his needs. Rejection can occur, for example, when a child of the wrong sex was born. In the end, he feels unnecessary, it seems to him that he is interfering with his parents. The consequence of this is the development of an unstable psyche, the emergence of neurosis, depression, reduced self-esteem, indecision, violation of social adaptation.
- Egocentric. The child is forced to understand that he is special, beautiful, unique. He is the meaning of his parents' life, he is cared for, protected, and fulfills all his desires.
- Hypersocial. The goal of the parents is to create the perfect child. In such families, unquestioning discipline is important, meeting all the requirements of adults. As a result, children have to restrain their emotions, to obey.
In such families there is no creativity, initiative, ability to act independently and independently.
- Authoritative. Parents - assistants and advisers. They give the main directions of development, but at the same time leave the opportunity for children to make their own decisions. This is the most favorable style.
- Indifferent parenting style - parents are indifferent to the child, pay little attention to him, problems, experiences of the offspring are not interested in them. As a result, children do not get the right amount of warmth and love.
Types of improper upbringing
Improper upbringing leads to violations of the formation of the psyche.
As a result, it becomes increasingly difficult for the child to interact with the outside world and society.
The use of authoritarian methods leads to the development of timid, dependent person, unable to make decisions.
Permissive style does not set the direction in development, the child does not understand what to focus on, what rules to follow. As a result, he acts the way he wants, which often leads to the development of a maniacal personality, the emergence of criminal inclinations.
Objective factors
Objective factors of education - this is something that does not depend on the pupil. These include: place of birth, habitat, tradition, race, cultural characteristics.
It is impossible to change, and the factors presented also influence the development of the personality.
Subjective - this is what depends on the person himself - inclinations, aspirations, peculiarities of educational influence, etc.
Directions
Education is designed to ensure that the personality developed comprehensively. The main directions of the exposure process are identified:
- Mental - the development of cognitive processes, training skills, increased intelligence, training in accordance with the main program.
- Moral - the formation of a highly spiritual personality. An important role in this direction is played by the example of the closest environment, parents and teachers.
- Aesthetic. In this direction, the perception of art, the ability to see the beauty of the world around is of great importance.
- Physical. Preservation of health, harmonious development of the body, increase endurance.
- Ecological - understanding the meaning of conservation of nature.
Techniques
There are various approaches and methods of education, depending on the goals and individual characteristics of the pupils.
- Montessori technique. Organized special environment, divided into zones. The child chooses where to play at a certain moment. An adult observes the process and helps as needed. In this method there is no imposing.
- Bereslavsky technique. The child develops every minute, and adults should provide him with this opportunity. Starting to engage with the baby is recommended with one and a half years, not losing a single opportunity for development. First, attention is paid to fine motor skills, by 3 years moving to logic tasks.
- Lenloff technique. The main idea is natural development, the child does not need to interfere, control, and give him the opportunity to act independently.
- Zaitsev technique. At the base are special cubes, syllables are drawn on them. By this method, children quickly learn to speak.
- Nikitin technique. It is necessary to create a special learning environment for children - hang up tables, install simulators, take time to harden.
Is interesting Japanese education system. Here is a different approach to girls and boys. Since childhood, laid respect for age, status.
Up to 5 years, the child has no prohibitions, he can only be warned against unnecessary actions. With 6 years in the first place becomes discipline, the child goes to school. After 15 years, the child is already treated as an adult.
Teaching methods
What is meant by the methods of education and training?
The method is a method of influence, obtaining a result. The method can be divided into various techniques.that help achieve a certain goal.
Basic methods - those that help shape the mind. There are several:
- suggestion;
- conviction;
- creating problem situations.
The rest are auxiliary, stimulating and corrective.
Modern education built on the needs of children, their personal characteristics; an individual approach to personal development is welcomed.
Used methods:
- aimed at the formation of consciousness;
- aimed at the formation of the emotional sphere;
- formative behavior;
- reinforcing knowledge - exercise;
- aimed at the formation of self-control.
The most frequently used in modern pedagogy are the Montessori, Doman, Bereslavsky techniques.
Methods and techniques of educational impact:
- Persuasion method - this is a rationale, it implies the availability of information. Pupils should be convinced of the truth, correctness of a phenomenon or action.
- Infection - The process by which information or action is transmitted from one individual to another.
- Suggestion - The impact on the psyche with a small degree of awareness of the individual.
- Pedagogical requirement - presentation of norms and rules adopted in society.
- Schooling - regular implementation of certain actions.
- Exercise - multiple repetition, consolidation of significant actions.
- Stimulating methods - this is encouragement and punishment. It is important to apply them within reasonable limits and according to the specific situation.
For preschoolers
The first years of life - most important in terms of personality formation.
At this time there is an impact on the child’s consciousness.
Development of consciousness occurs by applying fables, stories that are understandable to a young child.
The persuasion method is applied. Exercise well.
Stimulation allows you to stir up interest in learning.
The development of creative skills occurs by adding something new.
Adults organize special development environment. At preschool age, the main activity is a game — through it, children most effectively learn skills and gain knowledge.
The incentive evaluation methods of education include: encouragement, pedagogical demands, punishment and censure. Implementation takes place in the process of activity, the child in practice learns the desired behaviors.
For students
What are the psychological features of the education of students?
Students usually represent already formed personalitytherefore, it is quite difficult to change their consciousness. Use methods of persuasion and control. It is important to pay attention to moral and aesthetic education.
In universities, the main focus is on the formation of a specialist personality. It is necessary to ensure not only the assimilation of the theory, but also practical exercises.
Parenting - process focusedleading to change, and it is important that parents and teachers understand its importance in shaping the personality.
Theory of education, the structure of education:
