Communication is the main way interactions of people with each other.
In psychology, there are three key aspects of this process.
Three aspects of communication
Parties to the communication process closely interrelated.
Often the boundaries between them are quite symbolic and one side can merge with the other, complementing it.
In psychology, it is customary to single out 3 main sides of communication:
- Communicative. Directly exchange information between the participants of the interaction. The main method of communication in society is speech. Through speech, people share opinions and views, discuss problems, solve issues.
- Perceptual. The process of people's perception of each other at the cognitive level. During the conversation, an opinion is formed about the interlocutor, based on an analysis of his appearance, gestures and facial expressions, voice and actions.
- Interactive. Direct organization of joint activities of subjects. The relationship between the parties to the interaction is established on the basis of actions and actions that they perform at the current time.
Characteristics and examples
Each side has certain characteristic features.
Communicative
Most often, speaking of communication, people mean it is his communicative side.
In this case we are talking about information sharing between social actors.
People share with each other their thoughts, plans, ideas, views. On the basis of the information received, relationship building and organization of activities take place.
Should consider communication not just like an endless stream and receiving information. All parties to the process take an active position, strive to understand the information provided to them.
The quality of contact is determined by the level of perception of information, its acceptance and understanding.
If one subject constantly supplies his ideas and views, and the second does not perceive them and does not even understand them, then talk about effective communication in this case is not necessary.
Communication side - This is a method of psychological influence on the opponent. During the transfer of information, one person influences another. The higher the communication skills of the subject, the higher the level of its impact on his interlocutors.
Successful speakers, political and ideological leaders are, first of all, people with well-developed communication skills.
The ability to influence others with the help of speech allows such individuals win a certain position in society.
Information comes on two levels:
- Incentive. These are replicas of the mandative, pleading, recommendatory character. They express themselves in order to stimulate a person to perform an action.
- Ascertaining. This is a notification speech, which is aimed at providing any information. Varies from indifferent presentation to active persuasion.
It should be borne in mind that even representatives of the same language group may have a misunderstanding during the exchange of information. That is, the same information is evaluated differently.
it due to the influence of a number of factors: age, social status, intellectual abilities, emotional state, etc.
So, the same news is perceived by the child and the adult completely at different levels due to the age characteristics of the psyche and the intellect.
Communications arise at the interpersonal level (between spouses, friends, colleagues, relatives), at the level groups. For example, during breakfast at the weekend, the husband and wife exchange ideas for leisure activities.
One participant of the contact expresses his thoughts and ideas, and the second listens to him.
Periodically, they change roles.
Eventually effective interaction is built, each participant of which gets the opportunity not only to express his opinion, but also to get the necessary information from the opponent.
An example of group communication is that the teacher conducts a lesson in the classroom. During the lesson, the teacher with the information shares with her students.
At the same time, children have the opportunity not only to perceive the incoming information, but also to ask clarifying questions, to express their thoughts. Such communication is effective and efficient.
At the same time, another teacher can provide information to children in an angle completely incomprehensible to them. At the same time, students do not have the opportunity to ask questions, express their opinions, clarify the information received.
In such a situation, the flow of information passes by the subjects to which it was directed. The communication process is ineffective.
Perceptual
Perception processes relate to the next side of communication - perceptual.
it understanding, knowledge of the identity of the opponent.
Any participant in contact is a person with peculiar individual characteristics.
Each person is distinguished by appearance, manner of speech, gesticulation, temperament, style of behavior, level of education and many other factors. Exactly these individual characteristics perceived interlocutors.
Based on that impressions that makes people others form an opinion about him and predict his actions. In other words, in the process of interaction, people always strive to “read” each other and, based on this, build predictions for the future.
The ability to competently analyze the identity of a stranger develops with the accumulation of life experience, the development of intelligence, understanding of psychology, etc.
But initially the ability to reliably perceive the surrounding social objects laid from birth. This is due to the presence of such abilities as observation, interest in people, objectivity, openness, etc.
Without such character traits, a person will not fully develop the ability to reliably perceive the personality of the interlocutor, even with significant life experience.
Also in the perceptual side, time is important.
Communication and interaction can occur with strangers instantly.
For the correct knowledge of the identity of another person, it is necessary to spend some time with him. Hasty conclusionsbased on superficial data and impressions are often wrong.
The perceptive side allows people not only to know another subject, but also to get to know themselves better. During the perception of the interlocutor, we give him an emotional assessment, which is directly related to our attitudes and attitudes ...
If the words or actions of the opponent cause rejection, this indicates a discrepancy between his beliefs and our internal values. If the identity of the interlocutor causes sympathy, we can conclude that coincidence of interests, attitudes, life positions.
Thus, if there are problems with the identification of the self, it is enough to pay attention to the emotions that cause the words and deeds of the interlocutors. This will allow you to better understand yourself.
Interactive
This is a process. organization of activities between people.
It can be carried out with or without communication.
For example, during the purchase of products in a department store, a person may go silently to the cashier, post goods, pay for it and leave the store.
The role of the seller is expressed in punching the goods, receiving payment, issuing a check. In most modern supermarkets, the purchase price is highlighted on a special screen, so the seller does not even have to call the price out loud.
As a result, between the buyer and the store employee interactive communication occurswhile they do not utter a single word.
This side is manifested in its pure form and in other everyday situations: a demonstration of a security guard pass to obtain permission from him to enter the building, providing the conductor with a fare for obtaining a ticket from him, etc.
The interactive side is directly related to the social roles that are inherent in the subjects of interaction. Society imposes on a person certain obligations that he must fulfill.
Numerous rules and rituals are aimed at regulation of the behavior of subjectswho consciously control their actions and actions.
The scale of social norms on the basis of which the interactive communication system operates, is quite large.
These are the behavioral models established by the norms of working discipline, military duties, concepts of honor and dignity, and elementary rules of politeness and education.
Approved behavior modelwhich person tries to comply with depends on his individual characteristics: age, gender, social status, duties. So, the doctor is expected to show attention and participation, and waiters and courtesy are expected from the waiter.
If during interactive communication with others, a person sees approval of his actions, he can judge according to his behavior as a social role.
If there is a misunderstanding with other members of society, then the individual may conclude that his actions do not meet the expectations of society.
The relationship of the parties
All three sides of the communication process can be easily combined with each other.
Surface interactions between strangers who last a short time, usually represented only communicative or interactive side or their combination.
Deeper interaction includes three aspects.
All types of interpersonal and group interaction always combine the exchange of information, the knowledge of opponents' personalities, the organization of direct activities.
For example, during a romantic date, potential partners jointly visit a restaurant (interaction), talk about various topics (communication) at the table, carefully observe each other's behavior (perception).
So, communication is complex social systemconsisting of several levels. Key aspects of communication are closely interrelated.
About the communicative side of communication in this video:
