Unconscious question very extensiveAt different times, it was considered by various researchers.
Let's try to figure it out.
What is it in psychology?
Unconscious represents set of various mental states and processeswhich are carried out under the influence of certain phenomena of the surrounding reality and about the impact of which the individual is not aware of.
The reality reflected by man is combined with his experiences.
An important feature of this mental process is that control over it is impossible.
Unconscious person is the subject of study of such areas of knowledge as psychology and psychoanalysis.
Relationship with consciousness
In general, mental phenomena are divided into two groups:
- conscious, that is, those that the person is directly aware of;
- unconsciouswhich are not recognized by man.
It is a combination of these processes represent the psyche. Together they help a person to adapt to the outside world.
At the same time, the sphere of influence of consciousness includes the management of the most complex forms of behavior that require control and attention of the individual.
Despite this, it should be noted that the majority of behavioral acts are performed on an unconscious level.
Structure
The structure of this mental phenomenon includes:
- Unconscious action. These include gestures, facial expressions, vegetative reactions (trembling hands, redness or blanching of the face, etc.)
- Unrecognizable installations. They represent readiness for certain reactions or actions.
- Unconscious automatisms. Under them understand such actions that are committed without direct participation.
This includes breathing, walking, swimming, etc.
- Supraconscious processes. These are some sudden insights, which include inspiration, intuition, wisdom, etc.
Kinds
The classification is as follows:
- Congenital. As the name implies, we have it initially, from birth. It is divided into individual (desire, instincts) and collective. Below we consider the archetypes of the collective unconscious, who discovered them and what is their essence.
- Social. This includes attitudes, values and beliefs that emerge and form in our country during the upbringing process, under the influence of others — first and foremost, families.
- Extruded. It is formed under the influence of our censorship, when feelings and desires unacceptable for a person are transferred from consciousness to this area.
- Preconscious. These include feelings, thoughts that were previously conscious, and now have lost their relevance and transferred to this area.
Unconscious human actions: examples
Such unconscious actions, as we have said, include such processes that flow unconsciously.
For example, in order to breathe, you do not need to control this process or to say to yourself “inhale and exhale”. The person simply does this and does not even notice. The same, for example, with walking.
As an example, you can still give some of the skills that we acquire. For example, driving a car or swimming. First, a person learns, understands these processes.
Then, as a result of many hours of practice, he no longer wonders what movements need to be done to sail or park.
Theories and teachings briefly
Freud
This concept itself has gained popularity due to the works of Freud.
According to his theory, the volume of the unconscious far exceeds the amount of consciousness.
Let's give a classic example: imagine iceberg. Its top located on the surface is consciousness. The whole array, located under the water - this is exactly what we are not aware of.
Into the unconscious, everything that is contrary to social norms of morality is supplanted. That is, these are all fantasies, desires, feelings, disapproved by others.
But at the same time, they are of great importance in human life. It is because of them that a person most often occurs. psychological problems, neurosis, anxiety, etc.
According to Freud's theory, in the unconscious, the main images contain psychological contents, emotions, and impulses that are unacceptable to consciousness.
That is, in the conscious part some thought, need or desire arises, but we understand that for some reason it is unacceptable. Therefore, it is transferred to the unconscious, where it dominates.
The unconscious functions on the basis of representations or some kind of information that was once realized by a man, but flashed with a certain degree of intensity.
It can be either a single thought or a whole set of experiences that for some reason went out of consciousness and, one might even say, forgotten.
About unconscious for Sigmund Freud in this video:
Jung
K. Jung is a follower of Freud, who began to further develop the ideas of his mentor.
In his concept he based on two concepts:
- personal unconscious;
- mass unconscious.
They also discovered archetypes. mass or collective unconscious. According to his theory, they exist in every person and unite all people. Under the collective unconscious, he understands the memory of the whole of humanity about the past.
The archetype is a common form of thought for all people, which comes from antiquity. It is quite abstract and is expressed in different ways.
As an example, take mother archetype. When a child is born, he immediately inherits this archetype and unconsciously knows how to behave in relation to the mother.
The essence of archetypes is to endow a person necessary concepts that will be useful to us in life. Among them are the archetypes of time and space, birth and death, parents, etc.
Helmholtz
Helmholtz developed his concept, which was called "Theory of unconscious reasoning".
According to its provisions, a person perceives three types of images: primary, perceptual, and image of representation.
Under primary way they understand a certain set of impressions that were formed as a result of sensations that have no traces of past experience.
The image of representation is an impression that is based exclusively on previous experience and does not have a sensual basis in the present.
Perceptual the same image is formed as a result of combining the primary image and the image of the representation. It is carried out just with the help of unconscious inferences.
Concerning unconscious reasoning, they are not recognized by man and therefore cannot be overcome. Therefore, they are important in human life.
Leibniz
G. Leibniz was one of the first philosophers who raised the issue of the unconscious in his works.
He believed that the human psyche is something that is contained in it as some vague ideas.
In this regard, he unconscious calls everything that for some reason gone from the immediate understanding or consciousness of the individual. Here he referred, for example, life experience and acquired knowledge and skills.
Analysis Method
With unconscious you can work.
After all, it helps to reveal hidden fears and anxieties, to understand the true nature of a person.
The most well-known methods include analysis of dreams, gestures and reservations person It is in these three categories that the unconscious manifests itself most strongly.
Research methods
Methods of analysis or research were developed by Z. Freud and his supporters, it is:
- free association method;
- dream analysis method.
The first method is based on the psychoanalyst decoding continuous flow of words reproduced by the patient. He looks for a pattern in them and on its basis draws a conclusion about the possible causes of a person’s mental state.
As an example of this method can be called associative experiment. The psychoanalyst calls the word, and the patient must say in response to the first thing that comes to his mind.
Sooner or later, the patient will begin to show words that are precisely associated with his hidden experiences.
Dream analysis is also carried out on identifying experiences in humans. It is based on the theory that consciousness control is much weaker in a dream, in connection with which real anxieties and desires of the individual can emerge in dreams.
Work: technology
There are various techniques of working with the unconscious that will help to understand their hidden feelings and inclinations.
Consider some of them.
- Dreamcatcher. This technique is based on the dream analysis method. Its difference is that you need to record a dream immediately after waking up, and try to do it in as much detail as possible. To do this, you can use a notebook, voice recorder or telephone. Even if you woke up in the middle of the night, you need to fix what you dreamed. The next day, you should read / listen to the recorded and try to understand what it might mean. As a rule, the subconscious message is presented in a dream in a direct way, therefore there are no difficulties with decoding. Please note that the key moment of sleep can be both your feelings and desires, as well as anxieties, fears, experiences.
- Letter to yourself. Very easy to implement technique. You must sit down and write yourself a letter. It should ask questions that concern you, referring to yourself. Inquire what you feel is bothering you. Then immediately proceed to the response letter.
And here it is very important not to control yourself, just write down all the thoughts that arise. It is the response letter and will be a manifestation of your unconscious.
- Trance induction. Take a comfortable position and start scanning various parts of the body. What does the right hand, sacrum, neck, nape, left heel, etc. feel? Gradually, you plunge into a state of trance. You can also make a trance by repeatedly repeating mentally the same phrase as a certain mantra. You can play music with the same rhythm. As soon as you reach this state, the unconscious itself will start giving you clues. You will hear his voice and reveal your hidden feelings.
Problem in psychoanalysis
The problem of the unconscious has been actively studied since the beginning of the 20th century.
Various researchers and scientists tried to understand its essence, determine the value for a person, analyze.
To this day, the problem of the unconscious continues to be developed in psychology and psychoanalysis.
At the moment it becomes obvious that the development of research on this phenomenon is a necessary condition for the formation of a general understanding of the individual's mental life.
Unconscious is an important element of the human psyche. Working with him using various techniques and techniques makes it possible to reveal hidden desires and anxieties.
