A person throughout his life gains and loses the various abilities of his mind.
It makes him unique creature. One of these abilities is memory.
It allows you to capture important moments. And sometimes a person loses it, like all the memories.
Concept
In the sources of psychological literature in use memory concepts Mostly referred to processes, which governs our psyche.
Among them:
- capturing;
- preservation;
- recognition;
- reproduction.
Memory as a process combines this consistent list. This means that memory is information capture process, its conservation in order to recognize it in the future, as well as its reproduction.
Her can be compared with photographic equipmentwhose task is to conclude any moment or event in the photograph.
The camera takes the image, passing through its mechanisms, captures it and displays on the screen. So we save important moments of life in the form of pictures.
This emphasizes the significance of this phenomenon, since without remembering the experience of the past, we will not be able to build the right future.
German explorer Herman Ebbingauz studied another process - forgetting. However, it does not apply to the very process of memorization.
Laws and laws
The laws and patterns of memory suggest the rules by which the process of memorization possible to ease.
So, Artur Dumchev, a modern Russian specialist in the field of memory, in his book “Remember All” highlights 12 laws of memory:
- Installation Law: calls to put the installation on memorization, perhaps even setting the framework in the form of dates.
- The law of bright impressions: associations caused by emotions make it possible to remember an important event much brighter, especially if the emotions are positive.
- Law of Interest: all the fun is imprinted on a person’s memory for a long time.
- Law of comprehension: memorization is easier if a person perceives the meaning, the essence of the material.
- The law of retroactive braking: this simple term advises taking breaks in the processes of memorization, since this side of human capabilities is also inherent in the annoyance of large amounts of information.
- The law of proactive braking: similar to the previous one, the alternation of cases saves from the excess of the memorized material.
- Law of Action: An ancient Chinese proverb belonging to Confucius says: "Tell me - and I will forget, show - and I will remember, let me do it - and I will learn."
- The law of prior knowledge: the memorization process is based on experience in a certain area, the memorized information is associated with the stored material.
- Law of repetition: "... the more often the information is repeated, the easier it is absorbed ...", - the author writes about this law, repeating this phrase three times.
- The law of simultaneous impressions: pay attention to what memories make you smell something, the music heard a few months ago (remember where you listened to it, what your mood was).
- The law of the edge: most often remembered first and last.
- Law of Incompletion: stub phrase settled in memory.
Also, the laws of memory in psychological literature are usually associated with the types of memorization: involuntary and arbitrary.
If it concerns involuntary memorization, then such regular conditions often appear unexpectedly and abruptly, which makes it possible to firmly remember the event connected with them.
This, for example, can be a loud, harsh sound, an unexpected change of action, a sudden bright light and other stimuli.
In the second form of memorization the person gives himself the setting to remember certain information.
The patterns of this type of memorization are based on:
- understanding the meaning of information, reaching its core, essence;
- creating an information structure;
- the presentation of this information in an integrated system consisting of the elements - its integral part;
- drawing up a plan, charts, tables, clusters, graphs;
- drafting reference notes containing more memorable keywords;
- the use of mnemotechnics, or mnemonics, - special techniques that facilitate memorization.
The last point is very diverse and may cause interest. When used correctly, the process of memorization becomes like a game, which is useful, for example, for children.
Among the number mnemonic tricks The most effective are:
- Association method (for example, in order to remember the names of people, it is necessary to form similar words with them - “Lyuba loves”, “Zhenya is getting married”, etc.)
- Creating an image of stored information (in order to make it easier to remember how the dictionary word is spelled correctly, we represent it written on a road sign, the sign of the supermarket, where we walk every day).
- Chaining method (in order to remember the list of products necessary for purchases in the store, we present them in pairs interacting: “milk and bread” - in the mind we see how the bread falls into the milk and sinks in it).
- "Language of numbers" (to memorize, for example, the year 1984, we assign each digit a symbol: 1 — needle, 9 — snake, 8 — hourglass, 4 — stop with a roof).
Basic theories
Associative theory of memory is fundamental in psychological science.
Aristotle derived the principles of association, according to which a person links several objects or events together for the purpose of memorization.
Also its founders are German psychologists Heinrich Muller and Herman Ebbingauz, who developed the concept of association in its connection with the phenomenon of memory.
According to semantic theory of memoryIn the process of memorization, we highlight the essence of the information.
This is not a purely mechanical memorization, but an attempt to understand the truth and the core of the material.
The founders of this theory are Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, and Karl Bühler, a psychologist and linguist from Germany.
Memory as a type of psychological activity treats theory of general psychological activity. At its origins is the French school of the psychology of memory, representatives of which are Pierre Jeanne, Jean Piaget and Theodoyle Ribot.
Their merits were expressed in the definition of memory as a certain system of actions aimed at the processes of capturing, storing and reproducing information.
The Soviet researchers in this field, Anatoly Alexandrovich Smirnov and Peter Ivanovich Zinchenko, examined this theory from the point of view of human comprehension of their activities.
Proof was the study of memory processes throughout a person’s life. As a result, it became clear that the older a person becomes, the more his activity becomes more experienced, and his memory is stronger and more purposeful.
Gestalt psychological theory of memory It is based on the person memorizing information in the form of complete images (“gestalt” - an integral structure, a system of images).
Its rules can be correlated with the law of simultaneous impressions.
Representatives of Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Lewin proved that the process of memorization takes place much easier when constructing the structure of the memorized material than when searching for associations.
Behavioral (behavioral) theory of memory based on the developments of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov - “stimulus-response”.
This theory involves the implementation of exercises necessary to memorize information. Sigmund Freud in the study of behavioral theory pointed to the influence of positive and negative emotions on the process of memorization.
As the world becomes more computerized, psychologists more often began to pay attention information-cybernetic theory of memory.
According to her postulates, the brain is; This is a kind of computer. On the basis of knowledge about the work of human memory, computer processes of its preservation are invented.
In psychology also has a place to be physiological theory of memory. In modern psychological literature, it is also found under the name conditional reflex theory.
Based on Pavlov's research, memory is materially formed on conditioned reflexes that form the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Petr Kuzmich Anokhin, a Soviet physiologist, developed Pavlov’s ideas in this way. Under the influence of certain stimuli, physiological processes occur that cause memorization.
Physical theory of memory based on neurophysiological processes.
Its other name is the theory of neural models, which owes its existence to the experiments of Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon.
He confirmed that memories are closely related to the excitation of areas of the cerebral cortex, penetrated by the smallest cells at the neuronal and molecular levels.
Founders chemical theory of memory claim that the processes of memorization are carried out with the help of chemical changes that occur in neuronal cells under the action of certain stimuli.
This is confirmed by the presence in our body of DNA, which is the carrier of hereditary memory, and RNA as the carrier of individual memory.
This theory was developed by the Swedish biochemist Holger Hiden. Soviet scientist Alexander Luk calls his name a separate theory, formed in the framework of chemical, - Hiden's theory.
Thus, memory is a kind of capacious process, on which not only our consciousness and the unconscious part, but billions of the smallest cells of our organism work.
Concept, processes, types and laws of memory:
