What are the means of communication in psychology?

How is man informs others your thoughts, feelings and experiences?

To do this, in the society using various means of communication, allowing to transmit information in the same form in which it will be available to other people for understanding.

Communication tools - what is it?

Means of communication - These are certain well-established (accepted in society) methods of encoding, transforming and decrypting information from one individual to another in the process of communication.

Functionsthat perform the means of communication:

information and communication (transfer of information from one person to another);
integrative (allows to unite / unite people in groups);
incentive (stimulation of activity);
interactive (correction of the behavior of individuals or groups in the organization of joint activity);
the function of socialization (exchange of experience in order to develop and assimilate the system of norms and rules in force in society);
affective-communicative (directed or unconscious impact on the opponent’s emotional environment);
coordination function (coordination of actions in group activity);
understanding function (perception and decoding of the information code in the form and sense in which the opponent wanted to transmit information).

What are the?

All means of communication can be divided into two groups: verbal and non-verbal.

Each group performs a specific function.

And if verbal (verbal) means of communication are aimed at conveying to the opponent the meaning of what was said, then non-verbal means transmit the emotions and attitude of the individual to the person with whom he interacts at the given moment.

Nonverbal

Non-verbal communication adds pure information. emotional color and tone.

It allows you to achieve maximum understanding with your opponent, to understand his mood, and sometimes the true intentions.

Non-verbal communication consists of two large groups: extralinguistic and paralinguistic means of communication.

Paralinguistic group:

Prosodic. It is customary to include elements that complement speech in this category. These are timbre, depth and strength of voice, degree of expressiveness of articulation, stress, character and length of pauses, etc. In other words, prosodic means help to impart a shade of information by influencing the voice.

Kinesika (optical-kinesic means of communication). All actions that a person perceives visually and as an addition to what has been said. These include gestures, gaze, facial expressions and even a change in the position of the body and individual parts of the body in space.
Graphemics. A way of writing that conveys the feelings and emotions of a person. The manner of writing letters and words may vary depending on the emotional background. So an evil person puts a lot of pressure on a paper with a pen, while a pensive person makes mistakes and forgets to finish the “hooks”.

Paralinguistic means of communication can not be used without reference to speech.

Extralinguistic group:

Takesika. Tactile contacts in the process of communication are takaic means. Any touches, kisses, slivers and strokes encompass the non-verbal code and are a reflection of the individual's emotional / sensual background.
Proxemics. During the interaction, the interlocutors may be far or close to each other, consciously or unconsciously controlling the distance. The method of spatial organization of contact, reflecting the relations of interlocutors to each other, is called proxemics.

Hronemika. The distribution of time in the process of communication. A person can rush to a meeting, and can delay the call. He can wait for a long time, when the interlocutor is free, and can limit the time of contact.
Extralinguistics. Transmission of emotions through voice, but without being bound to speech. This includes coughing, disgusting rumbling, sighing, screaming, etc.
Sensory. The perception of the opponent through the senses. The person reacts to the smell, the tenderness of the skin when touched and the visual characteristics of the interlocutor. There are also separate subgroups. As an example, olfactory means of communication (perception through the sense of smell) and phonational means of communication (perception by ear) can be cited.

Non-verbal means of communication people learn (adopt) from their parents or guardians even before they begin to talk. therefore develop the ability to non-verbal communication is not necessary.

But learning to recognize and decipher them will be useful to every member of society.

Nonverbal communication:

Verbal

Verbal communication is also called "Sign".

And unlike non-verbal, the symbolic means of communication in its pure form can not be interpreted ambiguously.

The basic element of verbal communication is speech.

Speech Activities:

reading;
letter;
speaking
hearing.

Speech is subdivided into written, oral and internally directed.

Dactyl replaces oral speech, while including non-speech communication methods (for example, the alphabet of gestures for the deaf and dumb).

Tongue

Language is closely connected with the people acting as a native speaker. With the help of language, people communicate with each other and convey thoughts at the most simple and accessible level.

Society and language do not exist separately. Their development also occurs in parallel, so any changes in the life of society are immediately reflected in the language.

Language features:

communicative;
accumulative (storage and transfer of knowledge);
constructive (by means of language it is possible to give shape to thoughts);
cognitive;
ethnic (unites people into groups, and these groups unite among themselves);
emotional (description and transfer of feelings in the form of a verbal code).

It is important to understand that even under the condition of a single and common form of the language for all its speakers, communication barriers:

Phonetic. It arises due to any speech peculiarities of the interaction participants (accent, speech defects, tone, etc.).
Logical. If people have different intellectual abilities or thinking patterns, misunderstandings can occur.
Stylistic. The barrier is associated with improper application of the rules for constructing proposals or incorrect presentation of information.
Meaningful. This barrier occurs when interaction occurs between native speakers of different languages.
Each language has its own characteristics, so the literal translation often "eats" the meaning and nuances of the message.

Each language has its own templates and information transfer rules. For the Russian language, such templates are styles. Each style is relevant only in a certain environment and under certain conditions.

Scientific style. This verbal method is based on scientific terms, the absence of an emotional component and a clear message structure.
Business. This style is accurate and stingy. It is suitable for communication between people of different social status, writing laws and official papers. Business style is relevant in the conditions of work.
Publicistic. The task of a journalistic style is to make contact with a large audience and arouse their interest. Differs expressive sound, the presence of flowery stamps, an abundance of emotions.
Strict restrictions and frameworks for journalistic style are not provided.
Colloquial. It is used in personal communication, if people at the time of the conversation do not obey social or work status.
Art. Used when creating literary works.

Speech

Speech playback process - this is a consistent chain from the origin of thought and its encoding into a sound form, to direct pronunciation and transmission of information to the interlocutor.

Communication, which involves speech, involves three functional elements (subject, object, and speech message).

But for successful communication it is necessary that the three aspects meet the requirements of quality. Aspects implied:

Generation of speech and related elements.
The correct structure and the presence of semantic content in the message.
Readiness of the opponent to accept and process the arrived information.

Speech skills person masters at preschool age. And in order for communication with other people to be easy for a person, it is important purposefully develop the ability to each type of speech:

External speech is the basic means of communication between representatives of society. Such speech is pronounced aloud and is intended for others.
Inner speech - provides a person controlled and monitored mental activity.
This speech has no sound content and performs the function of an internal speaker, voicing thoughts in his head.
Dialogue speech - necessary for the exchange of information between people. The two-way process includes consistent statements by each of the interlocutors. At the same time, each interlocutor in a mirror (with respect to each other) order alternates speaking and listening.
Monologue speech - unilateral exchange of information from (the narrator to the listener). In the process of transmitting information, the person broadcasting should formulate and transmit his thoughts without facilitating the task of questions / tips / tips from the interlocutor.

An important step in the life of a child is egocentric speechbeing a combination of all other species.

Self-directed conversations train the skill of formulating questions and constructing answers.

Egocentric speech is directed towards oneself not to be confused with internal speech. Indeed, in the first embodiment, the child is not just a speaker in his own head, but rather a person who replaces both the object and the subject of the conversation.

Fluency in the means of communication and the ability to interpret them correctly allows one to successfully coexist with other members of society.

Thanks verbal and non-verbal means A person can ask for help, organize teamwork and pass on his ideas to others.