When people turn to each other with questions, requests, try to explain or describe something, they build up a communication, waiting for a response. This process is called communication.
Interpersonal communication - an integral part of the life of the individual. The ability to establish and develop social contacts determines the success of a person in all spheres of life.
Communication as interpersonal interaction
At the heart of interpersonal interaction lies contact of individuals (two or more), implying a set of consistent and coherent responses to each other's actions.
Interpersonal interaction may take various formsbut it always leads to a change in behavior, the nature of relationships, the emotional state of opponents, etc.
Interpersonal communication is communication of people, each of which has its own unique specific qualities that are revealed in the course of communication.
Types of interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication is divided into the following types:
- Formal (contact masks). People resort to artificially broadcast rigor, politeness, courtesy, interest, indifference, to hide their true emotions and attitudes towards the partner in the interaction.
The opponent, resorting to the formal type of communication, does not seek to analyze and take into account the peculiarities of the interlocutor.
In the conditions of socially-oriented professions and the presence of an extensive list of active contacts, it is the formal type of communication that provides “emotional stability”, preventing overload and burnout.
- Primitive. Estimated perception of the interlocutor with the use of labels. Potential communication partners are divided into “useful” and “useless”.
People who build interaction in the framework of primitive communication are focused on "useful" opponents, thanks to whom you can achieve your goals. At the same time, people from the second group are ignored or rudely refused to communicate. After the goal is reached, the "useful" opponents become the "useless" category. - Functional role. Communication within the social roles (seller - buyer, customer - performer, etc.). The interaction takes into account regulated norms and means of communication. The identity of the interlocutor is in the background after social. roles
- Business. Interaction is focused on achieving the goal in the form of a fixed agreement.
This takes into account both the business interest (to a greater extent) and the peculiarities of the communication partner, his character and emotional background (to a lesser extent).
- Spiritual. Communication for the sake of communication. Most often, such interaction occurs between close people (relatives, friends, lovers). Spiritual communication implies a high level of mutual understanding and the presence of established ideas about the interlocutor (portrait of the person).
- Secular. Interaction in the framework of the "code", strict compliance with the norms of politeness and discussion only of those who received approval in secular society. This type of communication is characterized by closeness and refusal to broadcast alternative positions.
- Manipulative. Interaction aimed at obtaining benefits from the opponent. A person who adheres to a manipulative interaction strategy uses certain means (flattery, demonstration of benevolence, blackmail, deception, etc.).
People who build interaction in the framework of primitive communication are focused on "useful" opponents, thanks to whom you can achieve your goals. At the same time, people from the second group are ignored or rudely refused to communicate. After the goal is reached, the "useful" opponents become the "useless" category.
Types of their characteristics and examples
In social psychology, it is customary to distinguish three styles of interpersonal communication:
Imperative
What is it and where is it unacceptable?
This communication is aimed at the subordination of the partner in the interaction. With the help of imperative communication, you can control and force to any action.
At the same time, the participants of the interaction are aware that the ultimate goal of communication is coercion. The affected individual does not attempt to disguise the true meaning of communication.
To achieve the goal, orders, requirements, instructions or prescriptions may be used.
Most often, the imperative type of communication is used within the model. "Chief - subordinate".
In intimate and personal communications, this approach is inappropriate.
Also imperative communication is effective and relevant. in emergency and emergency situationswhen it is necessary to quickly organize group activities and distribute responsibilities, bypassing the situational unstable state of mind of the partners in the interaction.
Manipulative
Like the previous form of communication, manipulation implies an impact on the opponent in order to achieve specific goals / benefits.
But in this case, the impacting partner hides his intentions or represents the situation in such a light that true intentions are replaced in the eyes of the opponent by others, more noble or relevant.
Dialogic
Kind of communication partner oriented. In the course of the dialogue, the participants of the interaction take into account both their psychological mood and the psychological mood of the interlocutor.
In this case, the perception of the partner occurs in its pure form, without assessments.
In the dialogue man treats the other person as equal, recognizing his right to his own point of view and decision.
Dialogue communication does not imply a reference to authoritative sources (opinions, opinions of other people, etc.).
Imperative communication and manipulation can be regarded as communication of a monological orientation because in the process of interaction influencing Opponent is self-oriented only considers the interlocutor only as a means of achieving the goal, not interested in the position of the partner in the interaction.
Culture
A culture of interpersonal communication is based on a system of knowledge, norms, values, and patterns of behavior, established in society. The individual learns all these elements in the process of socialization, and then uses them in business and emotional communications.
The culture of interpersonal communication implies the ability to correctly perceive an opponent, the ability to interpret his words and behavior, to build a strategy of behavior based on the characteristics of the interlocutor.
An important concept in the question of communicative culture is “Relevance” of the tools and behavioral patterns used. For example, if with subordinates you can make demands and use an imperative tone, then when dealing with friends it is appropriate to get better from formalities and instructions.
Communication as a form of interpersonal interaction comes to the fore in the condition of dependence on social contacts (work with people, direct dependence on stronger, more influential or resource members of society).
In such situations, the communicative culture affects well-being, financial and professional perspectives person
Self-regulation behavior
Self-regulation is the control of one's own psychoemotional state with the help of certain thinking, images, control of the body and breathing.
Natural tricks - This is the simplest group of techniques that does not require additional efforts and concentration. These include:
- humor, laughter;
- positive perception (reproduction in the head of pleasant images, events, scenarios, etc.);
- relaxing movements (stretching, current control of muscle tone, etc.);
- contemplation (observation of paintings, nature, interior elements, etc.);
- Complements to the address of the interlocutor.
Self-regulation with the help of breath control is the use of special respiratory techniques.
Such techniques affect muscles, the nerve center, blood circulation, etc.
For example, slow breathing, holding your breath or breathing yogis allow you to quickly calm down and relax.
Ways to control muscle tone are built on principle of conscious concentration. A person detects clips and blocks, after which by an effort of will eliminates overstrain.
Self-regulation with the help of words is based on the ability of a person to the language of thought. The two most popular ways in this category are self-ordering and self-programming.
An individual formulates certain settings, and then mentally reproduces them in order to tune in to a certain state or result.
There are other effective techniques, such as art therapy, exercise complexes, the use of associations, etc.
Difficulties and defects
Communication difficulties lead to inefficient interaction. There are two groups of difficulties:
- objective (they are obvious to the interlocutors and manifest themselves directly during communication and bring dissatisfaction associated with the process and results of the contact);
- subjective (not obvious to the participants of the interaction and may manifest in the form of lack of initiative, uncertainty and shyness of the individual).
Also, difficulties are divided into primary and secondary.
First the category includes problems in communication arising from the nature of the person.
To second Categories include difficulties associated with experienced negative social experiences.
Communication defects - these are personality traits that prevent the creation and strengthening of social ties. These include flaws in upbringing, egoism, tactlessness, rudeness, excessive curiosity, arrogance, the habit of discriminating against opponents, etc.
Problems in the youth environment
Why do interpersonal communication problems arise in the youth environment?
Young people, in contrast to mature and formed members of society, tend to be guided by feelings and emotions, as well as sensitive to value judgments in their address.
The following problems are common among young people:
- Maximalism. The youthful tendency to divide the world into “black” and “white” implies a lack of flexibility and the ability to accept compromises. As a result, interpersonal communication easily develops into conflict situations.
- Informal associations. Adolescents identify themselves through involvement in a group, and not as an individual. As a result, the interests and views of the association dominate private interests and views.
- Lack of non-verbal communication skills. Correspondence in social networks, telephone conversations and chat rooms can develop verbal communication skills.
At the same time, young people cannot sufficiently master non-verbal techniques (glance, gestures, postures, facial expressions, etc.). As a result, going beyond the boundaries of “digital communication” adolescents cannot correctly perceive and interpret the behavior of communication partners, perceiving signals only in speech form. - Changes in the nature of relationships with elders. The teenager, who previously submitted to adults, now stands in an equal position with them.
Because of this, there is often a denial of any authority and interest in the "forbidden" areas through which you can prove your "adulthood" (alcohol, prohibited substances, intimate relationships, etc.)
At the same time, young people cannot sufficiently master non-verbal techniques (glance, gestures, postures, facial expressions, etc.). As a result, going beyond the boundaries of “digital communication” adolescents cannot correctly perceive and interpret the behavior of communication partners, perceiving signals only in speech form.Sphere of interpersonal interaction inextricably linked to all other areas of human life. And if you do not develop a communicative culture and skills, you may encounter problems in group interaction, in personal relationships and social life.
Types and forms of interpersonal relationships:
